Societal Shifts and Family Strains: A Durkheimian Analysis of the Sandwich Generation


Sloan Pedersen, University of Toronto

In contemporary western society, a growing number of individuals find themselves part of a demographic known as the sandwich generation. Coined as such, this group encompasses individuals who bear the financial and emotional responsibilities of caring for both their children and aging parents, all while managing their professional commitments. Drawing on Emile Durkheim’s foundational sociological theories, specifically those of the division of labour, anomie, and social integration, this paper delves into the intricacies of the "sandwich generation" phenomenon and the evolving responsibilities it entails. By comprehensively analyzing the dynamics of this generation, the paper argues that the very creation of the sandwich generation is a direct outcome of the evolving division of labour. Durkheim’s concept of the division of labour, distinguishing between mechanical and organic solidarity, serves as a theoretical framework to scrutinize the developing family structures and caregiving responsibilities within the sandwich generation. While Durkheim emphasized the sustainability and social cohesion derived from organic solidarity, he also warned of the potential for anomie in societies with an extreme or inadequately regulated division of labour. The exploration of Durkheim’s concept of anomie becomes crucial in understanding the experiences of the sandwich generation as they navigate conflicting roles. Therefore, this paper investigates how juggling caregiving roles amid conflicting demands may lead to a breakdown of societal norms, especially as individuals grapple with the complexities of caring for aging parents and supporting their own children. Understanding anomie in this context is essential to unravel the psychological and social implications for individuals facing multifaceted challenges in contemporary society. Furthermore, this paper explores whether the sandwich generation embodies principles of mechanical or organic solidarity, providing insights into the nature of their experiences and challenges. Durkheim’s notion of social integration offers additional insights into how the sandwich generation experiences cohesion or disintegration in the face of demanding caregiving roles. Recognizing strong social integration as vital for societal well-being, the role of social integration thus becomes apparent in the context of the sandwich generation. To strengthen the theoretical foundations of this analysis, this paper connects Durkheim’s theories to contemporary challenges faced by the sandwich generation. The shift from extended to nuclear family structures is explored, emphasizing its impact on the evolving division of labour and revealing a critical dimension of the challenges faced by this generation. The emergence of the sandwich generation is intricately linked to changing familial expectations amid broader societal shifts. Additionally, the paper examines the impact of changing labour dynamics on individual well-being within the context of familial responsibilities. The demands placed on those simultaneously caring for aging parents and supporting their own children extend beyond practical challenges, delving into the psychological and emotional dimensions of these roles. The blurring of boundaries between family and professional spheres thus prompts a re-evaluation of traditional notions of success and fulfillment, inviting an exploration of how individuals derive meaning from their multifaceted roles. By embracing Durkheim’s enduring theories, this study not only gains theoretical insights into the sandwich generations experiences but also establishes a conceptual framework that resonates deeply with the intricate challenges faced by individuals navigating contemporary familial roles. The interplay of the changing division of labour, anomie, and social integration thus offers a comprehensive understanding of the challenges confronted by the sandwich generation, emphasizing the necessity for tailored societal support structures to address their unique circumstances.

This paper will be presented at the following session: